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NEW QUESTION 98
Economist: In Nation X, the number of unsold homes on the market recently reached a twenty-year high. The last time the number of unsold homes was that high, a severe economic recession soon followed. Therefore, the nation's economy is almost certainly about to suffer another severe recession.
The economist's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
- A. It overlooks the possibility that other severe economic recessions In Nation X may have occurred when there were not an unusually large number of unsold homes on the market.
- B. It fails to address adequately the possibility that a severe economic recession may itself cause more homes to remain on the market unsold.
- C. It fails to address adequately the possibility that one phenomenon may closery follow another by coincidence.
- D. It overlooks the possibility that even if one phenomenon causally contributes to another, the latter sometimes, but not always, causally contributes to the former.
- E. It confuses a claim about the number of unsold homes on the market with a more general claim about an overall economic recession.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION 99
Researchers recently discovered that lipstick can become contaminated with bacteria that causes mononucleosis. They found that contamination usually occurs after the lipstick has been used for six months. For that reason, women should dispose of any lipstick after six months of use.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?
- A. The researchers could not discover why lipstick contamination usually occurred only after six months of use.
- B. The researchers found that people who wiped their lipsticks clean after each use were as likely to have contaminated lipsticks as were people who never wiped their lipsticks.
- C. The researchers failed to investigate contamination of lipstick by viruses, yeasts, and other pathogenic microorganisms.
- D. The researchers found that among women who used lipstick contaminated with bacteria that causes mononucleosis, the incidence of these diseases was no higher than among people who used uncontaminated lipsticks.
- E. The researchers found that, after six weeks of use, greater length of use of a lipstick did not correlate with a higher number of bacteria being present.
Answer: D
Explanation:
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Explanation:
The best answer is C.
According to choice C, using a contaminated lipstick does not increase the incidence of infection, so the recommendation to replace a lipstick before it becomes contaminated is greatly undermined.
NEW QUESTION 100
Defense Department analysts worry that the ability of the United States to wage a prolonged war would be seriously endangered if the machine-tool manufacturing base shrinks further. Before the Defense Department publicly connected this security issue with the import quota issue, however, the machine-tool industry raised the national security issue in its petition for import quotas.
Which of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the machine-tool industry's raising the issue above regarding national security?
- A. A few weapons important for defense consist of parts that do not require extensive machining.
- B. The machine-tool industry encountered difficulty in obtaining governmental protection against imports on grounds other than defense.
- C. When the aircraft industries retooled, they provided a large amount of work for tool builders.
- D. Several federal government programs have been designed which will enable domestic machine-tool manufacturing firms to compete successfully with foreign toolmakers.
- E. The Defense Department is only marginally concerned with the effects of foreign competition on the machine-tool industry.
Answer: B
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NEW QUESTION 101
Although abundant in many areas of the southern United States, the evening bat has always been uncommon to rare across the northern part of its range-most of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio-their already small populations decreasing even further during the latter part of the twentieth century.
- A. and already low populations decreased
- B. their already low numbers decreasing
- C. their already small populations decreasing
- D. and its already low numbers decreased
- E. and their already small populations decreased
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION 102
The hotel industry now offers a great many gradations of service, giving rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget." and innkeepers must struggle constantly to find a corner of the market and then to compete at the appropriate level of service.
- A. so that it gives rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget" and innkeepers having to
- B. to giving rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget," with innkeepers having to
- C. giving rise to odd concepts, such as "luxury budget" and innkeepers who are having to
- D. giving rise to odd concepts such as luxury budget/ and innkeepers must
- E. giving rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget," with innkeepers who must
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION 103
Psychologists conducted a series of experiments to test the effect upon schoolchildren of violence in films.
In the first experiment, grammar school children were shown a film that included scenes of a male teenager engaging in violent acts against others, such as punching, pushing, and kicking. During a free- play session following the film viewing, 42 percent of the children were observed to engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film. In a second experiment, a different group of children was shown a similar film featuring a female teenager. Only 14 percent of the children were observed behaving violently afterward. The psychologists concluded that children are more likely to imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female model is shown.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the psychologists' conclusion?
- A. The first group included 19 male students and 20 female students; the second group included 20 male students and 21 female students.
- B. In both experiments, the victims of the filmed violence included both males and females.
- C. The percentage of children known to have discipline problems prior to the experiment was greater in the first group than in the second group.
- D. In the first group, 58 percent of the children appeared bored during the showing of the film, and 12 percent fell asleep.
- E. In the second experiment, 28 percent of the children appeared upset during the viewing the violent film scenes.
Answer: C
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NEW QUESTION 104
Because no employee wants to be associated with bad news in the eyes of a superior, information about serious problems at lower levels is progressively softened and distorted as it goes up each step in the management hierarchy. The chief executive is, therefore, less well informed about problems at lower levels than are his or her subordinates at those levels.
The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that
- A. problems should be solved at the level in the management hierarchy at which they occur
- B. some employees are more concerned about truth than about the way they are perceived by their superiors
- C. problem-solving ability is more important at higher levels than it is at lower levels of the management hierarchy
- D. chief executives obtain information about problems at lower levels from no source other than their subordinates
- E. employees should be rewarded for accurately reporting problems to their superiors
Answer: D
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NEW QUESTION 105
The first science-fiction novel, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, actually contains very little science, but it masterfully explores the social and moral repercussions of what might happen if certain scientific advances were possible.
- A. but, exploring the social and moral repercussions, it masterfully considers what might happen
- B. but it explores in a masterful way the social and moral repercussions of what might happen
- C. but it masterfully explores the social and moral repercussions of what might happen
- D. but it masterfully explores repercussions, social and moral in nature, of what might happen
- E. but it masterfully explores what are the social and moral repercussions
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This is the most concise, precise, and correct choice. Choice b is wordy, using the phrase in a masterful way instead of masterfully. Choice c uses awkward word order that requires the addition of a verb (considers) because explores is moved to before the subject. Choice d is wordy as the result of moving social and moral from their position directly before the noun they modify. Choice e awkwardly places what are after explores and deletes the important idea of possibility conveyed by of what might happen.
NEW QUESTION 106
We have heard a good deal in recent years about the declining importance of the two major political parties. It is the mass media, we are told, that decide the outcome of elections, not the power of the parties. But it is worth noting that no independent or third-party candidate has won any important election in recent years, and in the last nationwide campaign, the two major parties raised and spent more money than ever before in support of their candidates and platforms. It seems clear that reports of the imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.
Which of the following is an assumption made in the argument above?
- A. A significant increase in the number of third-party candidates would be evidence of a decline in the importance of the two major parties.
- B. The mass media are relatively unimportant in deciding the outcome of most elections.
- C. The two-party system has contributed significantly to the stability of the American political structure.
- D. The mass media tend to favor an independent or third-party candidate over a candidate from one of the two major parties.
- E. The amount of money raised and spent by a political party is one valid criterion for judging the influence of the party.
Answer: E
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NEW QUESTION 107
The color red has been shown to induce greater aggression in people than the color blue, Researchers conducted a study to determine whether such colorinduced aggression could influence the amount that consumers were willing to pay for an identical product in online auction and online negotiation scenarios.
The researchers photographed a single item against each of four background colors: blue, gray, white, and red. Using a computer, each participant in the study viewed the item against exactly one of the four background colors. Half of the participants were told the item was up for auction and were asked to submit their highest bid for the item. The other half of the participants were told to negotiate a price with the seller and were asked to offer the highest amount that they would be willing to pay for the item.
The researchers expected that participants who viewed the red background would typically behave more aggressively than those who viewed the blue background. Among the auction group, the researchers hypothesized that more aggressive participants would submit higher bids as they tried to beat other potential bidders. Among the negotiation group, the researchers hypothesized that more aggressive participants would make lower offers as they tried to compete against the seller to get the best deal.
For each of the following statements about the researchers' study, select Yes if that statement accurately reflects the information provided. Otherwise, select No.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION 108
Take a very commonplace, often discussed and critical topic: Are we detecting a greenhouse effect, and related to this, is it exacerbated by "homogenic factors," i.e., human actions? Most would be inclined to give a positive answer to both of these questions. But, if pushed, what would be the evidence, and how well grounded would it be for such affirmations?
Within scientific communities and associated scientifically informed circles, the answers have to be somewhat more ambiguous, particularly when rigorous questions concerning evidence are raised. Were scientific truth to be a matter of consensus, and some argue that scientific truth often turns out to be just that, then it is clear that there is beginning to be a kind of majority consensus among many earth science practitioners that the temperature of the Earth, particularly of the oceans, is indeed rising and that this is a crucial indicator for a possible greenhouse effect.
Most of these scientists admit that the mean oceanic temperature has risen globally in the last several decades. But this generalization depends upon how accurate measurements may be, not just for samples, but also for the whole Earth. Hot spots, for example the now four year old hot spot near New Guinea which is part of the El Niño cycle, does not count by itself because it might be balanced by cold spots elsewhere.
And the fact of the matter is that "whole earth measurements" are still rare and primitive in the simple sense that we simply do not have enough thermometers out. Secondly, even if we had enough thermometers, a simply synchronic whole earth measurement over three decades is but a blip in the diachronic history of ice age cycles over the last tens of thousands of years. Thirdly, even if we know that the earth is now heating up, has an ever increasing ozone hole, and from this strange weather effects can be predicted, how much of this is due to homogenic factors, such as CFCs, CO2 increases, hydrocarbon burning, and the like? Is it really the case, as Science magazine claimed in l990, "24% of greenhouse encouraging gases are of homogenic origin"?
The author's claim that, a simply synchronic whole earth measurement over three decades is but a blip in the diachronic history of ice age cycles over the last tens of thousands of years would be strengthened if the author
- A. Compare synchronic whole earth measurements with diachronic whole earth measurements.
- B. Specified the exact location and quantity of thermometers placed by scientists around the globe.
- C. Proved that the mean number of years required to detect significant changes in weather patterns is greater than thirty.
- D. Indicated the minimum number of thermometers necessary for a whole earth measurement.
- E. Described the factors that precipitated the start of a new ice age.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
If one knows that change can be detected only after much more than thirty years, then measurements taken over a thirty-year period is insignificant
NEW QUESTION 109
The Florida panther, known for its distinctive characteristics, including a kinked tail and cowlicks, is nearing extinction with the help of scientists and government officials. Though once abundant in Florida, by the end of the twentieth century, only approximately 30 Florida panthers remained. Efforts to preserve the panthers had focused on shielding them from human encroachment with the hope that they could develop sustainable numbers to survive as a species. However, pressure from development caused officials to grow impatient and shift their strategy and goals.
In 1995, new breeds of female panthers were brought to Florida from Texas to bolster the population. The change has been dramatic. In 1990, 88% of the panthers in Florida had the distinct kinked tail. By 2000, five years after the introduction of the Texas panthers, not a single kitten born to the Texas females had a kinked tail. The breed known as the Florida panther is now on an expedited, ineluctable road to extinction
- with the assistance of wildlife protection agencies.
If the goal was to have any kind of panther in Florida, it has been realized. Since the introduction of the Texas panthers, the panther population in Florida has risen to approximately 80 mixed-breed panthers.
However, this "success" could portend a tragic trend in wildlife management in the United States. We cannot and should not create genetically mixed species as a means of achieving a compromise between the needs of development and a species' survival. This type of species tampering is a perversion of the ideal of wildlife management and will irrevocably transform our national landscape.
The passage suggests that the author
- A. is afraid that species tampering will become the norm in wildlife preservation management.
- B. is willing to compromise if it means the survival of a species.
- C. believes the government has encouraged species tampering as a means of conducting genetic experiments
- D. is a former member of the Wildlife Protection Agency.
- E. believes that "sustainable numbers" statistics are not realistic and lead to the expedited extinction of species.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The last paragraph expresses the author's fear that the "success" in Florida "could portend a tragic trend in wildlife management" and that "species tampering . . . will irrevocably transform our national landscape." Thus, he fears that this approach will become a standard in wildlife preservation. Nothing suggests that he is a former member of any agency, so choice a is incorrect. The author clearly does not want to compromise a species' integrity, so choice b is incorrect. The author does not state that he believes in a conspiracy of genetic experiments, so choice d is incorrect. Finally, the realism of sustainable numbers" statistics is not discussed, so choice e is incorrect.
NEW QUESTION 110
Read each passage carefully and then choose the best answer to each question. Answer the questions based upon what is stated or implied in the reading passage.
For many years, there has been much hand-wringing over the fate of Social Security once the baby boomers reach retirement age. Baby boomers, people born between 1946 and 1964, represent the largest single sustained growth of population in the history of the United States. It is the sheer enormity of this generation that has had economists worried as retirement beckons. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, by 2020, an estimated 80,000,000 Americans will have reached or surpassed the conventional age of retirement. With so many boomers retiring and drawing benefits but no longer paying into Social Security, many fear that the Social Security fund itself could go bankrupt.
However, a study released by the American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) that examined baby boomers' plans for retirement found that for the most part, this generation is not expected to adhere to the conventional retirement scheme, a fact that may please the worriers in Washington, DC.
In its survey, the AARP broke baby boomers into different categories based on their financial standing, degree of preparedness for retirement, and optimism toward the future. The AARP found that of all groups surveyed, only 13% planned to stop working altogether once they reached retirement age; the remaining
87% planned to continue working for pay. The reasons to continue working varied among the different groups. For some, the plan to continue working is a financial decision. Between 25% and 44% of respondents reported they are not financially prepared to retire and will therefore continue working past retirement age. For the remainder of those planning to work past their mid to late 60s, the decision is based on long-held goals to start a business and/or the desire to stay active in their industry or community.
Eventually, most baby boomers will need to stop working as they progress into their 70s, 80s, and beyond.
But with such large numbers planning to continue working, thereby continuing to pay into the Social Security fund, perhaps Social Security will be able to withstand the end of the baby boom and continue to be a safety net for future generations.
It can be inferred from the AARP survey results that
- A. few baby boomers are realistic about their retirement goals.
- B. most baby boomers are unaware of the actual cost of retirement.
- C. many baby boomers are afraid of retirement.
- D. politicians do not understand the baby boom generation.
- E. many baby boomers do not have adequate savings.
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The survey found that a quarter to nearly a half of all respondents planned to keep working because "they are not financially prepared to retire." This suggests that many baby boomers do not have adequate savings. Nothing in the survey results suggests a fear of retirement (choice b). Also, nothing in the passage suggests that baby boomers are unaware of the cost of retirement (choice c).
The passage does not assess how realistic baby boomers' goals are (choice d) and makes no reference to politicians (choice e) other than the vague "worriers in Washington," a group that could include economists, lobbyists, and many other kinds of people.
NEW QUESTION 111
Read each passage carefully and then choose the best answer to each question. Answer the questions based upon what is stated or implied in the reading passage.
For many years, there has been much hand-wringing over the fate of Social Security once the baby boomers reach retirement age. Baby boomers, people born between 1946 and 1964, represent the largest single sustained growth of population in the history of the United States. It is the sheer enormity of this generation that has had economists worried as retirement beckons. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, by 2020, an estimated 80,000,000 Americans will have reached or surpassed the conventional age of retirement. With so many boomers retiring and drawing benefits but no longer paying into Social Security, many fear that the Social Security fund itself could go bankrupt.
However, a study released by the American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) that examined baby boomers' plans for retirement found that for the most part, this generation is not expected to adhere to the conventional retirement scheme, a fact that may please the worriers in Washington, DC.
In its survey, the AARP broke baby boomers into different categories based on their financial standing, degree of preparedness for retirement, and optimism toward the future. The AARP found that of all groups surveyed, only 13% planned to stop working altogether once they reached retirement age; the remaining
87% planned to continue working for pay. The reasons to continue working varied among the different groups. For some, the plan to continue working is a financial decision. Between 25% and 44% of respondents reported they are not financially prepared to retire and will therefore continue working past retirement age. For the remainder of those planning to work past their mid to late 60s, the decision is based on long-held goals to start a business and/or the desire to stay active in their industry or community.
Eventually, most baby boomers will need to stop working as they progress into their 70s, 80s, and beyond.
But with such large numbers planning to continue working, thereby continuing to pay into the Social Security fund, perhaps Social Security will be able to withstand the end of the baby boom and continue to be a safety net for future generations.
Which of the following titles would be most appropriate for this passage?
- A. Economists Fear Baby Boomers' Impact on Social Security
- B. The AARP and Social Security
- C. Worries about Social Security May Be Unfounded
- D. Baby Boomers Bankrupt Social Security
- E. Baby Boomers Will Work for PaybeyondRetirement
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
This choice offers the best title for the passage, which explains why the "worriers in Washington" may have nothing to fear after all. Choice a is incorrect because the passage is not about the relationship between the AARP and Social Security or the AARP's position on Social Security issues. Choice b is incorrect because the passage actually argues the opposite: that most baby boomers will continue to pay into Social Security long after the traditional age of retirement. Choice c is true, but it is just one specific fact cited within the passage to support the main idea. Choice e is also true, but the passage explains why the economists' fears are unfounded.
NEW QUESTION 112
Stronger patent laws are needed to protect inventions from being pirated. With that protection, manufacturers would be encouraged to invest in the development of new products and technologies. Such investment frequently results in an increase in a manufacturer's productivity.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
- A. The weakness of current patent laws has been a cause of economic recession.
- B. Stronger patent laws tend to benefit financial institutions as well as manufacturers.
- C. Manufacturers will decrease investment in the development of new products and technologies unless there are stronger patent laws.
- D. Increased productivity in manufacturing is likely to be accompanied by the creation of more manufacturing jobs.
- E. Stronger patent laws would stimulate improvements in productivity for many manufacturers.
Answer: E
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 113
A law requiring companies to offer employees unpaid time off to care for their children will harm the economic competitiveness of our nation's businesses. Companies must be free to set their own employment policies without mandated parental-leave regulations.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion of the argument above?
- A. Many businesses in this country already offer employees some form of parental leave.
- B. A parental-leave law will serve to strengthen the family as a social institution in this country.
- C. Some of the countries with the most economically competitive businesses have strong parental-leave regulations.
- D. In most polls, a majority of citizens say they favor passage of a parental-leave law.
- E. Only companies with one hundred or more employees would be subject to the proposed parental-leave law.
Answer: C
Explanation:
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NEW QUESTION 114
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