CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:

Section	Objectives
Protocol Analysis - 15%
Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods	- Select capture devices Laptop protocol analyzers APs, controllers, and other management solutions Specialty devices (hand-held analyzers and custom-built devices) - Install monitor mode drivers - Select capture location(s) - Capture sufficient data for analysis - Capture all channels or capture on a single channel as needed - Capture roaming events
Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools	- Save to disk - Packet slicing - Event triggers - Buffer options - Channels and channel widths - Capture filters - Channel scanning and dwell time
Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions	- Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets - Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets - Configure and display columns for analysis purposes - View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process - Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels - Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures - View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis - Use expert mode for analysis - View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis
Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting	- WLAN scanners and discovery tools - Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools - Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools
Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types	- Define the problem - Determine the scale of the problem - Identify probable causes - Capture and analyze the data - Observe the problem - Choose appropriate remediation steps - Document the problem and resolution
Spectrum Analysis - 10%
Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers	- Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware - Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions - Understand and use spectrum analyzer views Real-time FFT Waterfall, swept spectrogram, density, and historic views Utilization and duty cycle Detected devices WLAN integration views
Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues	- RF noise floor in an environment - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal - Sources of RF interference and their locations - RF channel utilization - Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications - Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference - Poor performing or faulty radios
Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures	- Identify various 802.11 PHYs DSSS OFDM OFDMA Channel widths Primary channel - Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures Frequency hopping devices IoT devices Microwave ovens Video devices RF Jammers Cordless phones
Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions	- AP-based spectrum analysis - Sensor-based spectrum analysis
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10%
Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs)	- DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) - ERP (Extended Rate PHY) - HT (High Throughput) - VHT (Very High Throughput) - HE (High Efficiency) HE SU PPDU HE MU PPDU HE ER SU PPDU HE TB PPDU HE NULL data packets
Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data
Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers	- Pseudo-Header formats Radiotap Per Packet Information (PPI) - Key pseudo-header content Guard intervals Resource units allocation PPDU formats Signal strength Noise Data rate and MCS index Length information Channel center frequency or received channel Channel properties
Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers
Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types	- Supported PHYs - Supported spatial streams
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25%
Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation	- Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU)
Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis	- Management, Control, and Data frames - MAC frame formats and contents Frame Control field To DS and From DS fields Address fields Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field - 802.11 Management frame formats Information Elements Authentication Association and Reassociation Beacon Prove Request and Probe Response - Data and QoS Data frame formats - 802.11 Control frame formats Acknowledgement (ACK) Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS) Block Acknowledgement and related frames Trigger frames VHT/HE NDP announcements Multiuser RTS
Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis	- Country code - Minimum basic rate - Supported rates and coding schemes - Beacon interval - WMM settings - RSN settings - HT/VHT/HE operations - Channel width - Primary channel - Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs
Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames
WLAN Medium Access - 10%
Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs	- Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Carrier Sense (CS) and Energy Detect (ED) Network Allocation Vector (NAV) Contention Windows (CW) and random backoff Interframe spacing - Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) EDCA Function (EDCAF) Access Categories and Queues Arbitration Interframe Space Number (AIFSN) - Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) WMM parameters WMM-Power Save WMM-Admission Control
Analyze QoS configuration and operations	- Verify QoS parameters in capture files - Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end
802.11 Frame Exchanges - 30%
Capture, understand, and analyze BSS discovery and joining frame exchanges	- BSS discovery - 802.11 Authentication and Association - 802.1X/EAP exchanges - Pre-Shared Key authentication - Four-way handshake - Group key exchange - Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) - Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) - WPA2 and WPA3 - Fast secure roaming mechanisms Fast BSS Transition (FT) roaming exchanges Pre-FT roaming exchanges - Neighbor discovery (802.11k/v) - Hotspot 2.0 protocols and operations from the client access perspective ANQP Initial access
Analyze roaming behavior and resolve problems related to roaming	- Sticky clients - Excessive roaming - Channel aggregation for roaming analysis
Analyze data frame exchanges	- Data frames and acknowledgement frames - RTS/CTS data frame exchanges - QoS Data frame exchanges - Block Acknowledgement exchanges
Analyze MIMO and multiuser-specific transmission methods	- MIMO Transmit Beamforming (TxBF) MU-MIMO - OFDMA Scheduling and trigger frames
Analyze behavior and solve problems related to MAC layer operations	- Power Save operations - Protection mechanisms - Load balancing - Band Steering

Reference: https://www.cwnp.com/uploads/cwap-404-objectives-final.pdf

CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Certification Details:

Exam Name	Wireless Analysis Professional
Passing Score	70%
Recommended Training	CWAP self-paced training kit, Training Class
Exam Registration	PEARSON VUE
Duration	90 minutes
Number of Questions	60
Exam Code	CWAP-404 CWAP
Sample Questions	CWNP CWAP-404 Sample Questions
Exam Price	$275 USD

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